International criminal law lacks a coherent account of individual responsibility. This failure is due to the inability of international tribunals to capture the

When a perpetrator of an international crime argues in his defence that he did not realise that he had violated the law, is this a reason not to punish him? Int

Presently, many of the greatest debates and controversies in international criminal law concern modes of liability for international crimes. The state of the la

1.1 Opening Remarks and Objectives Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit

This volume deals with the tension between unity and diversification which has gained a central place in the debate under the label of ‘fragmentation’. It e